Ini salah satu tugas kuliah gua sama temen" di Teknik Informatika
M Sukarno Umar
Rabu, 10 Desember 2014
Senin, 29 September 2014
Wind Energy in India
Introduction
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation
of the earth. The earth’s surface is made of different types of land and water.
These surfaces absorb the sun’s heat at different rates, giving rise to the
differences in temperature and subsequently to winds. During the day, the air
above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water. The warm air over
the land expands and rises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its
place, creating winds. At night, the winds are reversed because the air cools
more rapidly over land than over water. In the same way, the large atmospheric
winds that circle the earth are created because the land near the earth's
equator is heated more by the sun than the land near the North and South
Poles. Humans use this wind flow for many purposes: sailing boats, pumping
water, grinding mills and also generating electricity. Wind turbines convert
the kinetic energy of the moving wind into electricity.
Wind Energy for power generation
Wind Energy, like solar is a free energy
resource. But is much intermittent than solar. Wind speeds may vary within
minutes and affect the power generation and in cases of high speeds- may result
in overloading of generator. Energy from the wind can be tapped using turbines.
Setting up of these turbines needs little research before being
established. Be it a small wind turbine on a house, a commercial wind farm or
any offshore installation, all of them, at first, need the Wind Resource to be
determined in the area of proposed site. The Wind Resource data is an
estimation of average and peak wind speeds at a location based on various
meteorological. The next step is to determine access to the transmission lines
or nearest control centre where the power generated from the turbines can be
conditioned, refined, stored or transmitted. It is also necessary to survey the
impact of putting up wind turbines on the community and wildlife in the
locality. If sufficient wind resources are found, the developer will secure
land leases from property owners, obtain the necessary permits and financing;
purchase and install wind turbines. The completed facility is often sold to an
independent operator called an independent power producer (IPP) who generates
electricity to sell to the local utility, although some utilities own and
operate wind farms directly. Wind mills can be set up ranging scales of:
- · On-shore grid connected Wind Turbine systems
- · Off-shore Wind turbine systems
- · Small Wind and Hybrid Energy Decentralized systems (Floating)
Advantages
·
Can be used for both distributed generation or grid interactive
power generation using on-shore or off shore technologies.
·
Ranges
of power producing turbines are available. Micro-turbines are capable of
producing 300W to 1MW and large wind turbines have typical size of 35kW-3MW.
·
Wind
turbine is suitable to install in remote rural area, water pumping and grinding
mills
·
Average
capacity factor can be close or higher than 30%
Disadvantages
·
The total cost can be cheaper than solar system but more expensive
than hydro.
·
Electricity
production depends on- wind speed, location, season and air temperature. Hence
various monitoring systems are needed and may cost expensive.
·
High
percentage of the hardware cost (for large WT) is mostly spent on the tower
designed to support the turbine
Technology
The range of wind speeds that are usable by a
particular wind turbine for electricity generation is called productive wind
speed. The power available from wind is proportional to cube of the wind's
speed. So as the speed of the wind falls, the amount of energy that can be got
from it falls very rapidly. On the other hand, as the wind speed rises, so the
amount of energy in it rises very rapidly; very high wind speeds can overload a
turbine. Productive wind speeds will range between 4 m/sec to 35 m/sec. The minimum
prescribed speed for optimal performance of large scale wind farms is about 6
m/s. Wind power potential is mostly assessed assuming 1% of land availability
for wind farms required @12 ha/MW in sites having wind power density exceeding
200 W/sq.m. at 50 m hub-height.
The energy in the wind turns two or three
propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft,
which spins a generator to create electricity. Wind turbines are mounted on a
tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground,
they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be
used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or they can be
connected to an electricity grid (shown here) for more widespread electricity
distribution. Furthermore projects are going on exploring in Research Design
and Development to achieve following goals:
·
Continue cost reduction: improved site assessment, better modeling
for aerodynamics, intelligent/recyclable materials, stand-alone and hybrid
systems.
·
Increase
value and reduce uncertainties: forecasting power performance, improving
standards and engineering integrity and storage techniques.
·
Enable
large-scale use: Load flow control and adaptive power quality
·
Minimize
environmental impacts: Noise impacts, Flora and Fauna, utilization of land
resources and aesthetics integration
India‘s Unique
Proposition
·
Geographic
Location and Wind Potential: The potential is far from
exhausted. It is estimated that with the current level of technology,
the ‘on-shore’ potential for utilization of wind energy for electricity generation
is of the order of 65,000 MW. India also is blessed with 7517km of coastline
and its territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles into the sea. The
unexploited resource availability has the potential to sustain the growth of
wind energy sector in India in the years to come. Potential areas can be
identified on Indian map using Wind Power
Density map. C-WET, one of pioneering Wind Research organization in
the country is leading in all such resource studies and has launched its Wind Resource
map.
In a step towards identifying and properly exploiting these wind
resources, MNRE has estimated state-wise
wind power potential in the country.
·
World Market Share:
According to REN21- Global Status Report 2011 (GSR-2011), Indian company Suzlon
was among top ten manufacturers of Wind Turbine manufacturer’s in the world
with world market share of 6.7%. Also major world companies are pouring into
the fast evolving Wind Energy market in India: Vestas, GE Wind, Enercon and
Gamesa have already opened up their establishments across various cities in
India.
·
Government
Support and Policies: Several
states have come up with renewable energy policies like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh. More details of and summary for such policies is available
on this page.
·
Installed
Capacity: According to MNRE ‘s achievent report,
The cumulative installed capacity of Grid Interactive Wind Energy in
India by the end of September 2011 was 14989MW (of which 833MW was installed
during 2011-2012 against a target of 2400MW). Aerogenerators and hybrid systems
contributed 1.20MW during 2011-12 to yield cumulative off-grid wind capacity of
15.55MW.
·
India
in the windy world: In 2008, India shared 6.58% of total wind
energy installed capacity around the world, according to World Wind Energy
Report-2008. According to GSR-2011, the world witnessed highest renewable
energy installations through wind energy. Total installed capacity of wind
energy reached 198GW by the end of 2010. India ranked third in the world in
annual capacity additions and fifth in terms of total wind energy installed
capacity. India has been able to fast pace its growth in wind energy
installations and bring down costs of power production. The GSR 2011 reported
on-shore wind power (1.5-3.5MW; Rotor diameter 60-100m) at 5-9 cents/kWh and
off shore wind power (1.5-5MW; Rotor diameter 75-120m) at 10-20 cents/kWh. But
India’s onshore wind power cost reached 6-9cents/kWh in 2008 itself (Indian
Renewable Energy Status Report-2010).
·
Clean
Wind to overcome power shortage:
Electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution have been
extremely high over the years and this reached a worst proportion of about
24.7% during 2010-11. India is in a pressing need to tide over a peak power
shortfall of 13% by reducing losses due to theft. Theft of electricity, common
in most parts of urban India, amounts to 1.5% of India’s GDP. Due to shortage
of electricity, power cuts are common throughout India and this has adversely
affected the country’s economic growth. Hence a cheaper, non-polluting and
environment friendly solution to power rural India is needed.
·
Wind
energy as job generator: Wind
energy utilization creates many more jobs than centralized, non-renewable
energy sources. Wind Energy companies have opened up huge career
options. Also the ease and accessibility of manufacturing technology
has given entrepreneurs with new business options to venture in. The wind sector
worldwide has become a major job generator: Within only three years, the wind
sector worldwide almost doubled the number of jobs from 235,000 in 2005 to
440,000 in the year 2008. These highly skilled employees are contributing to
the generation of 260 TWh of electricity.
Capacity Installed
A notable feature of the Indian programme has
been the interest among private investors/developers in setting up of
commercial wind power
projects. Several companies have
established themselves in wind
technology manufacturing. The gross potential is 48,561 MW
(source C-wet) and a total of about 14,158.00 MW of commercial projects
have been established until March 31, 2011. All projects installed
in India are listed on this page.
The break-up of projects implemented in prominent wind potential states (as on
March 31, 2011) is as given below:
State
|
Gross Potential (MW)
|
Total Capacity (MW) till
31.03.2011
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
8968
|
200.2
|
Gujarat
|
10,645
|
2175.6
|
Karnataka
|
11,531
|
1730.1
|
Kerala
|
1171
|
32.8
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
1019
|
275.5
|
Maharashtra
|
4584
|
2310.7
|
Orissa
|
255
|
-
|
Rajasthan
|
4858
|
1524.7
|
Tamil Nadu
|
5530
|
5904.4
|
Others
|
-
|
4
|
Total
|
48,561
|
14,158
|
Minggu, 14 September 2014
CoS3 - Foto Video Kami (SMA N 4 Bandar Lampung XIIIPA3'14)
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
Sebelumnya, saya akan memperkenalkan diri nih. Nama Mohamad Sukarno Umar. bisa dipanggil Umar, Sukarno, Roso juga boleh :D .
Di postingan awal ini, Roso akan memposting video yg dibuat dari kumpulan foto" saat Roso dan teman-teman masih duduk dibangku SMA. Sebenernya Roso ini gk terlalu berpengaruh sih di kelas.
Makanya cuman ini yg bisa Roso kasih buat kalian semua khususnya tema-teman Roso yg udh bikin hari" Roso di SMA gk flat mulu.
Oke ini dia:
Mungkin ini aja yg bisa Roso share sementara. Oke Thanks.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb
Jumat, 12 September 2014
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